摘要： 网络计划技术方法是工程施工单位进行施工组织设计和管理的一个有效的方法。目前国内在网络计划技术的理论水平与应用方面已经取得了较大进步，但在应用管理上，特别是计划执行中的监督与控制，以及跟踪调整方面还比较落后，根据网络计划技术的特点结合我国工程管理现状进行分析。
Network planning technique in engineering is the construction unit construction organization design and management of an effective way. At present domestic in the aspect of theoretical level and application of network planning technique has made big progress, but in the application management, supervision and control, especially in the implementation of the plan and tracking adjustment is relatively backward, and according to the characteristics of the network planning technique combined with the engineering management present situation in our country are analyzed.
关键词： 网络计划技术；施工组织；施工管理；应用
Key words: network planning technique; Construction organization; Construction management; application
0 引言
0 the introduction
网络计划技术方法既是一种编制计划的方法，又是一种科学的施工管理方法，但其在我国施工管理中的应用不容乐观。
Network planning technique is a method of planning and construction management is a scientific method, but its application in construction management in our country is not optimistic.
1 现行施工企业现状
1 the current construction enterprises the status quo
1.1 普及率不高 我国现有施工企业规模和企业内部人员素质差异较大。据统计，中央直属和省级施工企业管理水平较高，每年应用网络计划组织施工达40％左右；地市级施工企业每年应用网络计划组织施工在15％左右；而县级及其以下施工企业技术管理水平较差，每年应用网络计划组织施工仅为5％左右。
1.1 penetration rate is not high in our country current construction enterprise scale and enterprise internal personnel quality differences. According to statistics, directly under the central government and provincial construction enterprise management level is higher, the application of network planning organization construction of 40% a year; Municipal construction enterprise application network planning organization construction every year at about 15%; And at the county level and the construction enterprise technology management level is poorer, application of network planning organization construction is only about 5% every year.
1.2 管理水平低 绝大部分施工企业网络计划技术的应用只停留在编制计划上，对计划执行中的监督与控制及计划调整缺少有效的管理方法。
1.2 low management level of the vast majority of construction enterprise application of network planning technique only stay on the planning, supervision of plan implementation plan to adjust and control and the lack of effective management methods.
1.3 深度不够 施工网络计划的编制往往只能反映整个项目中各工作单元之间的相互关系，根据施工方法确定工作单元各项工作的相互关系，编制深度不够，更谈不上网络计划的优化。
1.3 depth is not enough construction network plan compiled only can reflect the relationship between each work unit in the whole project, according to the construction methods determine the correlation of all work of the unit of work, preparation of depth is not enough, not to mention network planning optimization.
2 产生原因
2 reasons
造成网络计划技术在我国施工管理中应用不理想的原因主要是外部环境的影响和施工企业自身素质不高的结果。
Caused by network planning technique applied in the construction management in our country is not perfect reason mainly is the influence of the external environment and the result of the construction enterprise own quality is not high.
2.1 外部环境的影响 外部环境的影响包括工程设计多变、工期的确定受行政干扰多、工程进度付款没有与网络计划紧密联系、工程款拖欠等。工程设计经常变化给网络计划的制定和调整带来很大困难，使施工企业应接不暇，无法使用网络计划实行施工管理；有些工程建设期限的确定违反科学规律，工程竣工日期一再提前也使企业无法按网络计划去组织管理；工程付款不及时以及付款时没有与网络计划紧密结合，也在客观上减弱了企业应用网络计划的责任感。另外，目前市场上网络计划的编制软件很多，但适用于进度控制的软件却很少，而且通用性比较差，从客观上阻碍了施工企业应用网络计划实施项目进度控制。
2.1 the influence of the external environment changing external environment including the influence of the engineering design, the determination of time limit for a project subject to administrative interference, the progress of the payment not more closely contact with network planning, project payment default, etc. Engineering design change frequently bring considerable difficulties to formulate and adjust the network plan, the construction enterprises were overwhelmed and unable to use network planning construction management; Some engineering construction period violate the scientific rule, to determine the project completion date again and also make the enterprise can't in advance according to the network planning to go to the organization and management; Engineering payment not in time, and payment did not bind to network planning and also objectively weakened the enterprise application of network planning of the sense of responsibility. In addition, the network planning compiling software on the market is very at present much, but is suitable for the schedule control software is very few, and versatility is bad, from objectively hinder the construction of enterprise application network plan implementation of the project schedule control.
2.2 企业自身素质的制约 ①传统工作方式的阻碍。传统施工管理采用手工管理，且很多工作都是靠经验来完成的，企业对实施网络计划管理的必要性认识不足。很多施工人员拒绝网络计划是因为觉得它会限制行动自由，没有传统管理方式那样得心应手。②施工管理粗放。施工管理中现场跟踪检查没有形成制度，随意性比较大，进度数据收集不全面、不完整，进度数据的整理、统计、加工、分析能力差，无专人负责等。③缺乏高素质管理人员。
2.2 enterprise own quality constraints (1) the traditional way of working. Traditional construction management USES the manual management, and a lot of work is done by experience, enterprise insufficient understanding of the necessity of implementing network plan management. Many workers refuse to network planning because think it limits freedom of action, without the traditional management way as well. (2) construction management and extensive. In construction management field tracing test did not form system, optional sex is bigger, progress data collection is not complete, incomplete, progress of data sorting, statistics, processing and analysis ability is poor, without someone who's in charge, etc. (3) lack of high-quality management personnel.
目前大部分施工企业的管理人员同时又是工程技术人员，他们往往只注重施工技术的研究，进度的管理依赖于横道图管理，对网络计划技术知识的掌握不系统。
At present most of the construction enterprise management personnel and engineering technical personnel at the same time, they tend to pay attention to the research of construction technology, the progress of the management is dependent on the horizontal way figure, mastery of knowledge of network planning technique system.
3 处理措施
3 treatment measures
根据上述分析，施工企业提高网络计划技术的应用水平除了从源头抓起，尽快规范建筑管理体制，并制定有效的措施提高企业应用网络计划技术的积极性之外，更重要的是企业自身要从提高市场竞争力的高度，通过全面实施网络计划促进企业管理上质量、上水平。
According to above analysis, the construction enterprise to improve the application level of network planning technique in addition to grab from the source, the standard construction management system as soon as possible, and make effective measures to boost the enthusiasm of the enterprise application of network planning technique, more important is to improve the market competitiveness of enterprise itself, through the full implementation of network planning on quality, promote enterprise management level.
3.1 规范建筑管理体制，为应用网络技术提供良好的环境 ①加强工程设计管理，合理确定建设工期。通过建立规章制度，促进工程设计和工期确定科学合理，严禁设计的频繁变更和建设工期的主观确定。②完善项目监理制度。工程监理在监督工程质量的同时，要对工程项目的进度进行监理，保证进度控制与质量控制、投资控制的一致性和协调性。③建立严格按网络进度计划拨付工程款的机制。工程款拨付与网络进度计划紧密结合，不仅提高了企业应用网络计划进行施工管理的自觉性，同时也促使网络计划编制更可行。为了实现这种结合，签订施工合同时，应将进度计划中的主要工作与工程款拨付建立对应关系。
3.1 specification construction management system, provide a good environment for the application of network technology (1) in order to strengthen the management of engineering design, reasonable construction time limit for a project. Through the establishment of rules and regulations, promote the engineering design and construction determine the scientific and reasonable, it is forbidden to design change frequently and subjective determine the construction period. (2) improve the project supervision system. Engineering supervision in supervision and construction quality at the same time, to the progress of the project supervision, to ensure consistency of progress control and quality control, investment control and coordination. (3) set up the system of project funds allocated in accordance with the network project. Combined closely with the project payment disbursed and network project, the application of network planning not only improves enterprise to carry on construction management consciousness, at the same time also prompted network planning more feasible. Construction contracts, in order to realize the combination should be allocated to build schedule and main work of the project payment.
3.2 适应科学管理的需要，加强人才培养和应用研究 ①制定有关规程，加强标准化工作。结合国情和行业特点，制定网络计划技术编制和管理规程，统一画法、术语和各种类型的网络模型，便于推广和应用。②多途径培养人才。行业协会和行政主管部门应组织编写实用的培训教材，举办网络计划技术与计算机应用培训班，对施工企业的技术领导和施工管理人员进行培训，学习和掌握网络计划技术；高等学校要增加现代化管理技术课程，使学生毕业后即能适应现代化管理的需要。③开发适用的网络进度控制软件。科研机构、高等学校与施工企业应通力合作，在深入调查研究的基础上结合工程实际，开发实用的网络进度计划与控制的通用软件，培训使用人员。
3.2 adapt to the needs of scientific management, strengthening personnel training and applied research (1) enact related regulations, strengthening the standardization work. Combined with national conditions and development characteristics of network planning technique and management procedures, unified representations, terms, and various types of network model, is advantageous for the promotion and application. (2) training talents from different channels. Industry associations and departments should organize write useful training materials, hold the network planning technique and the computer application training, technology leadership and construction management of construction enterprises personnel training, to learn and master the network planning technique; Courses of colleges and universities to increase the modern management technique, the students after graduation can meet the need of modern management. (3) the development of the network schedule control software. Scientific research institutions, institutions of higher learning and construction enterprises should work together, in combination with the engineering practice on the basis of in-depth investigation and research, development and practical network general progress plan and control software, staff training use.
3.3 提高认识，注重实效，扎扎实实提高企业管理水平 施工企业是应用网络计划技术的主体，施工中全面实行网络计划管理是提高我国施工企业管理水平的关键。
3.3 increase awareness, results-oriented, make earnest effort to improve enterprise management level of construction enterprise is the main part of the application of network planning technique, the construction of a general network plan management is the key to improve the level of construction enterprise management in our country.
3.3.1 转变观念，充分认识应用网络计划技术的重要性 网络计划技术方法的最大特点是它能够提供施工管理所需的多种信息，有助于管理人员合理的组织生产。施工管理中推广应用网络计划方法必将取得好、快、省的全面效果，进一步提高施工管理水平。对于这个问题，企业的领导应该有充分的认识，把应用网络计划技术放在关系到企业生死存亡的高度去重视，逐步抛弃传统的凭直觉管理的方式，克服困难，投入一定的人力与资金，推动网络计划的应用。
3.3.1 change ideas, fully understand the importance of the application of network planning technique method is the biggest characteristic of network planning technique is that it can provide many kinds of information needed for the construction management, help to reasonable organize production management personnel. Popularization and application in construction management network planning method is sure to get good, fast and comprehensive effect, further improve the level of construction management. For this problem, the enterprise leaders should have full understanding, put the application of network planning technique in relation to the height of the enterprise survival value, gradually abandoned the traditional management way by intuition, overcome difficulties and certain manpower and fund, promote application of network planning.
3.3.2 采用易于控制的形式 横道图是工程技术人员最熟悉的控制形式，具有直观、易懂、绘制简便、所需时间少、费用低的特点，但缺点是不能反映各项工作之间的相互依赖、相互制约的关系，对大中型工程的进度控制困难。可在网络计划技术编制和调整进度计划后，转换成横道图形式去实施，这种做法既有网络一样的严密性，又兼有横道图简单易懂的优点，减少网络计划实施中的阻力。
3.3.2 rainfall distribution on 10-12 takes the form of easy to control, crossing figure is engineers are the most familiar form of control, is simple and easy, intuitive, and easy to understand and draw less time required, the characteristics of low cost, but the disadvantage is that do not reflect the work between the interdependence, mutual restrict relationship, in large and medium-sized project schedule control difficult. Can be adjusted in the network planning technique and schedule after converted into crossing graph form to implement, this kind of practice both network rigor, but also crossing the advantages of simple, reduce resistance in the network plan.
3.3.3 管理人员与技术人员紧密结合 网络计划的编制与实施是建立在已知的施工方法基础之上的，施工管理人员除了熟知网络计划方法之外，还应了解各项工作的工艺及组织。根据网络计划法的性质和特点，并非应用网络计划法就一定能任意缩短工程期限，它只限于给管理人员提供应在哪些工作上合理赶工以及工期与成本的关系等信息，从而使增加的费用最少，成本最低。至于能否实施赶工，最终还是取决于施工组织方法和物质技术条件。因此，管理人员制定科学合理的进度控制计划必须与工程技术人员紧密结合
3.3.3 combined closely with the management and technical personnel of network planning compiling and implementation is based on the known construction method, construction management personnel in addition to the familiar network planning method, should also be aware of all work process and the organization. According to the nature and characteristics of network planning laws, not the application of network planning laws we will be able to any shortening engineering time limit, it is limited to provide managers on what work should be in reasonable extra information such as the relationship and the construction period and cost, thus minimizing the cost increase, the lowest cost. As to whether to implement the crush, ultimately depends on the construction method and material conditions. Therefore, managers must formulate scientific and reasonable schedule control plan and engineering and technical personnel