摘要：变电站综合自动化是指利用先进的计算机技术、现代电子技术、通信技术和信号处理技术，实现对变电站主要设备和输、配电线路的自动监视、测量、控制、保护以及与调度通信等综合性自动化功能。近年来，随着国民经济的快速增长，传统的变电站已经远远不能满足现代电力系统管理模式的需求。因此，将变电站由常规站改造为综自站已渐渐成为一种趋势。该文就综自改造中出现的问题做出相应分析，以寻找解决这些问题的合理方案。
Abstract: substation integrated automation is the use of advanced computer technology, modern electronic technology, communication technology and signal processing technology, the implementation of substation main equipment and transport, distribution circuit of automatic monitoring, measurement, control, protection and communication and dispatching integrated automation function. In recent years, with the rapid growth of national economy, the traditional substation has far cannot satisfy the needs of modern management mode of power system. Therefore, transformed substation by routine for all the standing has gradually become a trend. This article all the problems arising from the modification accordingly analysis, to find reasonable solutions to these problems.
关键词：综合自动化 原则 事故信号 GPS 后台监控
Key words: integrated automation principle of GPS signal background monitor accident
0 引言
0 the introduction
近年来，将变电站由常规站改为综自站渐渐成为一种趋势。综自改造后的变电站，其运行情况越来越依赖于自动化装置的实用性及成熟性。
In recent years, the substation from conventional station to ensemble since gradually become a trend. Zong since after transforming the substation, its operation is more and more depends on the practicability of automation devices and maturity.
1 自动化改造的原则
The principle of 1 automation reconstruction
将一次设备在线监测系统与变电站自动化系统集成，可以提高高压电气设备的运行可靠性，且有望实现真正意义上的变电站无人值班；继续提高二次设备的智能化水平，引入PLC技术，实现变电站从多人值班到少人值班、从少人值班到无人值班有人巡视的平稳过渡；引入先进的WEBServer技术和防火墙技术，使运行管理人员可通过Internet/Intranet实现远程访问和维护；结合通信工程，综合考虑变电站的调度通道问题。
Will a equipment online monitoring system and substation integrated automation system, can improve the operation reliability of the high voltage electrical equipment, and to realize the true sense of the unattended substation; Continue to improve intelligent level of secondary equipment, introduced the PLC technology, substation from the people on duty to less people, someone from less person on duty to unmanned on duty patrol a smooth transition; The introduction of advanced WEBServer technology and firewall technology, make the operation and management personnel can through the Internet/Intranet to realize remote access and maintenance; Communication engineering, comprehensive consideration of substation dispatching channel problem.
2 变电站自动化改造方案
Substation automation retrofit scheme 2
2.1 RTU兼做监控系统控制、测量模块方案 该方案是在保留原远动装置基础上进行的升级、扩容改造。系统一般采用双机冗余模式，分为站级层和间隔层2层。系统以微机监控系统为核心，与站级层构成双主机冗余备份系统，间隔层按功能单元划分，综合遥测、遥信、遥控、遥调、通讯于一体。
2.1 RTU and do monitoring and control system control, measurement module scheme is the scheme in retain the original remote device upgrade and expansion on the base. System generally adopts double redundancy mode, divided into ZhanJi spacing layer and layer 2. System with microcomputer monitoring system as the core, and ZhanJi layer constitutes a double redundancy backup host system, spacer layer according to the division of function units, comprehensive telemetering, remote communication, remote control, remote regulating, communication at an organic whole.
2.2 全监控方案 该方案采用RCS－9000型分层布置方式，变电站保护和测控既相对独立，又相互融合。保护装置工作不受测控和外部通信的影响，确保保护的安全性和可靠性；同时可以实现信息共享，为变电站综合自动化提供了完整的解决方案。该系统可分为以下3层。
2.2 all monitoring scheme is the scheme adopts the RCS - 9000 type layered arrangement, substation protection and control is relatively independent, and mutual fusion. Protection work is not subject to measurement and control and the influence of external communication, ensure the safety and reliability of protection; At the same time can realize information sharing, the substation integrated automation provides a complete solution. The system can be divided into three layers.
2.2.1 变电站层 采用分布式系统结构，由就地监控、远动、“五防”主站组成。就地监控及远动均采用双机备用，增加可靠性。该层为变电值班人员、调度运行人员提供变电站监视、控制和管理功能。
2.2.1 the substation layer adopts distributed system structure, by the in situ monitoring, remote, "five prevention" of master station. In situ monitoring and remote adopt dual standby, increase reliability. This layer for substation attendant, scheduling operation personnel substation monitoring, control and management functions.
2.2.2 通信层 支持全以太网双网结构。双网采用均衡流量管理，有效地保证了网络传输的实时性和可靠性。通信协议采用电力行业标准规约，可方便地实现不同厂家的设备互连。支持不同的规约向不同的调度所或集控站转发不同的信息报文。支持GPS硬件对时网络。
2.2.2 communication layer to support Ethernet double network structure. Dual network USES the balanced flow management, effectively guarantee the real-time and reliability of network transmission. Communication protocol USES the electric power industry standard specifications, different manufacturers of equipment can be easily interconnected. Support different set of rules to the different scheduling or control station different information packet forwarding. GPS hardware support network for fashion.
2.2.3 间隔层 保护单元、测控单元组屏布置于主控室。测控单元采用WorldFIP高速现场总线组网，保护单元采用485口接入保护信息管理系统。
2.2.3 interval layer of protection, measurement and control unit panel unit arranged in the master control room. Measurement and control unit adopts high-speed fieldbus WorldFIP network, protection unit adopts 485 access protection information management system.
3 改造中应注意的问题
Three problems should be paid attention to in
3.1 有关事故信号的问题 在常规控制方式的变电站，运行中发生事故时变电站将产生事故报警音响并经过远动设备向调度自动化系统发出事故信号，调度自动化系统采用这个事故信号启动事故相应的处理软件（推出事故画面、启动报警音响等）。由此可见，变电站的事故信号是一个非常重要的信号，特别是对于无人值班的变电站，由于监控中心的运行人员需要同时监控多个变电站的运行状态，事故信号就成为监控中心运行人员中断其它工作转入事故处理的主要标志性的信号，非常重要。
3.1 questions about the incident signals in transformer substation, the conventional control mode of accidents occurred in the operation of the substation will alarm sound and produce accident telecontrol equipment accident signal to the dispatching automation system, dispatching automation system using the incident signal launch corresponding processing software (launch accident scenes, start the alarm sound, etc.). Substation accident signal, therefore, is a very important signal, especially for the unattended substation, due to the monitoring center operators need to monitoring the running state for multiple substation at the same time, the incident signals becomes the monitoring center operators interrupt other work into accident treatment main hallmark of signals, it is very important.
在110kV顿岗变电站综自改造竣工验收时，验收人员在操作35 kV线路时，发现在后台和地调远方控制合开关时，都会触发“事故跳闸”信号。
In substation 110 kV, hills, all the modification completion inspection and acceptance, the acceptance of the personnel in the operation of 35 kV line, found in the background and to control the distance, the switch will be triggered "tripping accident" signal.
在采用常规的微机远动设备和保留控制屏的无人值班变电站中，一般采用在控制回路中增加记忆继电器（双位置）的方法产生事故信号，这种方法已在以前的采用RTU进行无人值班改造工程项目中（110 kV及以下电压变电站）应用多年，其技术依据与原控制屏操作KK开关与实际开关位置不对应相同。110 kV顿岗变电站事故信号生成的原理与上述方法相同。其回路为将操作回路中的KKJ继电器（双位置继电器）的合后位置结点与断路器位置信号结点串联，形成一个电气单元的事故信号，监控系统中只须将各电气单元的事故信号进行软件或运算即可生成全站事故信号。
In conventional microcomputer remote control panel equipment and retention of unmanned substations, generally USES in the control loop method was found to increase memory relay (double) accident signal, this method have been used in previous RTU unattended renovation project (voltage substation 110 kV and below) in the application for many years, the technical basis and the original control panel KK switches and the actual operation switch does not correspond to the same position. 110 kV transformer substation, hills, signal generated by the principle is the same as the above methods. KKJ relay in the loop for the operation (double position relay) after location nodes position signal with the circuit breaker in series, forming an electrical unit accident signal, monitoring and control system of the electrical unit accident will only signal by software or computing the total station can generate accident signal.
因为35 kV、10 kV均为储能开关，当断路器合上时，储能装置启动，与其相连的TWJ失磁，若将TWJ的常开位置与KKJ的常开位置相连，构成生成事故总的回路，则会避免上述问题的产生。这种解决方法可以有效的避免因为软件延时而产生的误判断。具体回路如图1所示。
For 35 kV, 10 kV switch for energy storage, energy storage device, when the circuit breaker closed connected with its TWJ excitation-loss, if the TWJ normally open position with normally open position of KKJ is linked together, form generated accident overall circuit, can avoid the above problems. This solution can effectively avoid because software delay of false judgment. Specific circuit as shown in figure 1.
3.2 有关GPS对时的问题 随着变电站自动化水平的提高，电力系统对统一时钟的要求愈加迫切，有了统一时钟，即可实现全站各系统在GPS时间基准下的运行监控和事故后的故障分析，也可以通过各开关动作的先后顺序来分析事故的原因及发展过程。统一时钟是保证电力系统安全运行，提高运行水平的一个重要措施。因此，在广东电网公司发布的《广东电网110～220 kV变电站自动化系统技术规范》中，明确要求采用GPS时钟对电站装置进行校时。
3.2 questions about GPS pair with the improvement of substation automation, power system, the unified clock requirements more and more urgent, with unified clock, total station can be realized under the GPS time benchmark of each system operation monitoring and fault analysis after the accident, also can through the switch action sequence to analyze the cause of the accident and the development of the process. Unified clock is to guarantee the safe operation of the power system, an important measures to improve the level of operation. In guangdong power grid company, therefore, the guangdong power grid of 110 ~ 220 kV substation automation system technical specification ", explicitly require the use of GPS clock to school when generating system.
GPS对时一般有三种方式。
GPS, generally there are three ways for fashion.
脉冲同步信号：装置的同步脉冲常用空接点方式输入。常用的脉冲信号有：1PPS，1PPM，1PPH。
Pulse synchronizing signal: input device sync pulse commonly used empty contact way. Commonly used pulse signal are: 1 PPS, 1 PPM, 1 PPH.
串行口对时方式：装置通过串行口读取同步时钟每秒一次的串行输出的时间信息对时，串行口又分为RS232接口和RS422接口方式。
Mode of serial port pair: synchronous clock device through the serial port read per second pair a serial output time information, serial port and RS232 interface and RS422 interface.
IRIG-B方式对时：IRIG-B为IRIG委员会的B标准，是专为时钟的传输制定的时钟码。每秒输出一帧按秒、分、时、日期的顺序排列的时间信息。IRIG-B信号有直流偏置（TTL）电平、1 kHz正弦调制信号、RS422电平方式、RS232电平方式四种形式。
IRIG -b way pair: IRIG - for the IRIG B committee B standard, is designed for the clock transmission clock set by the code. When the output frame per second by second, minute, time information, date of order. IRIG -b signal with dc bias (TTL), 1 kHz sinusoidal modulation mode signal, RS422, RS232 level four forms.
由于变电站内往往存在不同厂家的自动化装置，其接口类型繁多，装置数量也不等，所以在实际应用中经常遇到GPS对时接口与接受对时的设备接口不能通信的问题。
As substation automation devices, tend to have different manufacturers within the interface type is various, device number range, so often encountered in the practical application of GPS pair interface and receive pair of equipment interface cannot be communication problem.
这个问题的出现，提醒了设计人员在前期订货时，应充分考虑各种设备的接口问题。尤其是保护测控装置及其它智能装置与后台监控设备的接口问题。因变电站综自改造多用以太网方式组网，而有些厂家的旧设备只存在串口或RS485接口，或者不同厂家设备进行通信时，因为规约不同而造成通信失败。这些问题都需要对所订购设备的通信插件进行统筹考虑，或订购充分数量的规约转换器，以免类似情况再发生。
The emergence of the problem, is a reminder of the designers in the previous order, should fully consider various kinds of equipment interface problems. Especially the protection measurement and control device and other intelligent device and the background monitor equipment interface problems. For substation in the transform multi-purpose way Ethernet network, and some manufacturers of old equipment is only a serial port or RS485 interface, or different manufacturers equipment for communication, because of different specifications and caused the communication failure. All these problems need the ordered equipment communication plugin for consideration as a whole, or to place an order for full amount of code converter, in order to avoid similar case happen again.
3.3 有关监控程序稳定性的问题 变电站实现综合自动化后，无论是有人值班还是无人值班，操作人员不是在变电站内就是在主控站或调度室内，面对显示器进行变电站的全方位监视和操作。所以监控系统能否保持长时间稳定无故障的运行，对提高变电站的运行管理水平和安全可靠性是非常重要的。
3.3 question on the stability monitoring program after the substation to realize comprehensive automation, whether someone is on duty or unattended, the operator is not within the substation is in main control station or scheduling indoor, in the face of the display for substation comprehensive monitoring and operation. So can maintain stable long trouble-free operation of the monitoring and control system, to improve the level of substation operation management and safety and reliability is very important.
变电站实现综合自动化后，很多的运行维护工作都需要通过微机装置来完成。但综合自动化装置的硬件更新换代非常快，所选用的设备可能很快就变成落后产品；监控软件有时会存在难以发现的缺陷，以至导致监控维护工作不能正常进行，影响了变电站的安全运转。随着综合自动化技术的不断进步，这些问题都会逐步得到解决。这也提醒设计人员在选择综自产品及后台监控系统时，要综合考虑多方面因素，选出一种程序运行稳定，功能齐全，硬件配置相对超前的综自产品。
The operation of the substation to realize comprehensive automation, many maintenance work needs to be done through computer device. But integrated automation device hardware upgrade very fast, the selected devices may soon become backward products; Monitoring software defects are difficult to find, sometimes even lead to monitor maintenance can't normal work, affect the safety of the substation operation. With the constant progress of integrated automation technology, these problems will be solved step by step. This also remind the designer in choosing heald since products and background monitoring system, to comprehensively consider various factors, choose a program running is stable, complete functions, hardware configuration is relatively advanced in the product.
变电站实现综合自动化是今后发展的一种必然趋势，其优越性在电能质量，变电站的安全、可靠运行水平等方面均有较好的体现。但由于综自设备整体的技术还不够成熟、稳定，所以在实施运行中总会出现各种不同的问题。本文旨在抛砖引玉，希望各位同仁能把自己工作中的经验拿出来共同分享，以完善我们的综合自动化技术。
Substation to realize comprehensive automation is an inevitable trend for future development, and its advantages in power quality, the level of safety, reliable operation of substation, etc are good. But because the ensemble technology since the device as a whole is still not enough mature, stable, so the implementation of the operation there is always different problems. The purpose of this paper is to derive some, hope everyone colleague can work themselves out and share the experience, in order to improve our comprehensive automation technology.