摘 要］本文主要对建筑节能在建筑设计中的重要性以及如何落实建筑节能措施进行了阐述，并提出了一些个人的建议供同行指正。文章着重介绍了外墙外保温技术的优越性以及当前我国广泛应用的外墙外保温系统。
[to] picked this article mainly about the importance of building energy conservation in building design, and how to implement the building energy conservation measures were expounded, and puts forward some personal Suggestions for corrections. This paper introduces the advantages of exterior insulation technology as well as the current exterior insulation system is widely used in our country.
［关键词］外墙外保温；建筑能耗；系统
[key words] exterior insulation; Building energy consumption; The system
1 建筑节能的重要性
1 the importance of building energy efficiency
随着我国城市化建设进程的高速发展，我国的建筑能耗逐年大幅上升，已达全社会能源消耗量的32%，加上每年房屋建筑材料生产能耗约13%，建筑总能耗已达全国能源总消耗量的45%。我国现有建筑面积为400亿平方米，绝大部分为高能耗建筑，且每年新建建筑近20亿平方米，其中95%以上仍是高能耗建筑。如果继续执行节能水平较低的设计标准，将留下很重的能耗负担和治理困难。
With the high speed development of urbanization process in our country, our country's building energy consumption increased significantly year by year, has reached 32% energy consumption of the whole society, and building material production energy consumption of about 13% a year, the total energy consumption has reached 45% of the total national energy consumption. China's existing building area of 40 billion square meters, the vast majority of construction for high energy consumption, and new buildings every year nearly 2 billion square meters, more than 95% is still high energy consumption construction. If continue to implement the low level of energy saving design standard, it will leave a heavy burden of energy consumption and management difficulties.
2 真正贯彻落实全面的建筑节能设计
2 the implementation of the comprehensive real building energy efficiency design
(1)整体及外部环境的节能设计。建筑整体及外部环境设计是在分析建筑周围气候环境条件的基础上，通过选址、规划、外部环境和体型朝向等设计，使建筑获得一个良好的外部微气候环境，达到节能的目的。
(1) the overall design and the external environment of energy saving. Integral and the external environment design is based on the analysis of buildings surrounding climate, on the basis of environmental conditions, through the site selection, planning and design of the external environment and body orientation, make building a favorable external micro climate environment, achieve the goal of energy saving.
(2)合理选址。建筑选址主要是根据当地的气候、地质、水质、地形及周围环境条件等因素的综合状况来确定。建筑设计中，既要使建筑在其整个生命周期中保持适宜的微气候环境，为建筑节能创造条件，同时又要不破坏整体生态环境的平衡。
(2) the reasonable location. Site selection is mainly according to the local climate, geology, water quality, the terrain and the surrounding environment condition factors such as comprehensive condition to determine. In architectural design, both to keep building throughout its life cycle is suitable for micro climate environment, create conditions for building energy conservation, and don't destroy the balance of the overall ecological environment at the same time.
(3)合理的外部环境设计。在建筑位址确定之后，应研究其微气候特征。根据建筑功能的需求，应通过合理的外部环境设计来改善既有的微气候环境，创造建筑节能的有利环境，主要方法为：①在建筑周围种植树木、植被，既能有效地遮挡风沙、净化空气，还能遮阳、降噪；②创造人工自然环境，如在建筑附近设置水面，利用水来平衡环境温度、降风沙及收集雨水等。
(3) the rational external environment design. After the address in architecture design should research the micro climate features. According to the requirements of architectural function, should through the reasonable external environment design to improve the existing microclimate environment, create favorable environment, building energy conservation main way is: 1) planting trees around the buildings, vegetation, can effectively keep out dust and purify air, still can shading, noise reduction; (2) to create artificial natural environment, such as the building near the water, water is used to balance the environment temperature, sand and collect rainwater.
(4)合理的规划和体型设计。合理的建筑规划和体型设计能有效地适应恶劣的微气候环境。它包括对建筑整体体量、建筑体型及建筑形体组合、建筑日照及朝向等方面的确定。
(4) rational planning and shape design. Reasonable planning and building design can effectively adapt to the harsh climate conditions. It includes the overall dimension and architectural shape combination and architectural form, architectural sunshine and toward the determination of etc.
日照及朝向选择的原则是冬季能获得足够的日照并避开主导风向，夏季能利用自然通风并防止太阳辐射。然而建筑的朝向、方位以及建筑总平面的设计应考虑多方面的因素，建筑受到社会历史文化、地形、城市规划、道路、环境等条件的制约，要想使建筑物的朝向均满足夏季防热和冬季保温是困难的，因此，只能权衡各个因素之间的得失，找到一个平衡点，选择出这一地区建筑的最佳朝向和较好朝向，尽量避免东西向日晒。
Sunshine and toward the choice principle is winter can get enough sunshine and to avoid the dominant wind direction, can make use of natural ventilation and prevent solar radiation in summer. However, building orientation, orientation and construction total plane design should consider the various factors, building social history culture, landscape, urban planning, road, environment condition such as restriction, in order to protect building to meet the summer heat and winter heat preservation is difficult, therefore, can only weigh the various factors between the gain and loss, to find a balance point, choose the best toward the construction of this area and is better toward, east-west sunlight should be avoided.
(5)单体的节能设计。单体的节能设计，主要是通过对建筑各部分的节能构造设计、建筑内部空间的合理分隔设计，以及一些新型建筑节能材料和设备的设计与选择等，来更好地利用既有的建筑外部气候环境条件，以达到节能和改善室内微气候环境的效果。
(5) the monomer of the energy-saving design. Monomer of energy-saving design, mainly through the construction energy conservation construction design, building interior space of each part of the reasonable space design, as well as some new building energy saving design and choice of materials and equipment, etc., to make better use of existing building external climate conditions, in order to achieve the effect of saving energy and improving indoor microclimate environment.
3 外保温优于内保温
Three external thermal insulation is superior to the insulation
(1)外墙外保温延长了建筑物的寿命。外墙内保温的保温层构造位置使得建筑物的外墙与内墙分别处于两个不同的温度环境。内墙及楼板处于室内的温度环境，其年温度差的变化为60℃～80℃，使建筑结构长年不得安定。这种永远不安定的建筑结构会导致在多处墙面产生裂缝，并破坏沿外墙的屋面防水，引起地下室防水的渗漏等。同样这种不同温度环境会产生不同变形的原理也会发生在夹心保温和保温层表面的刚性厚抹灰层上，保温层上湿贴石材等做法其保温层外侧部分都面临同样的形变破坏。外墙外保温的保温材料保护了主体结构防止风吹雨淋和风化以及碱骨料的反应等对主体外墙的侵蚀，相对延长了整个工程的使用寿命。
(1) exterior insulation prolong the life span of the buildings. Position of exterior wall insulation insulation layer structure makes the structure of the outer wall and inner wall respectively in two different temperature environment. Interior wall and the floor at indoor temperature environment, the change of the temperature difference the 60 ℃ ~ 80 ℃, the structure may not be stable for years. This never stable structure leads to many on wall cracks, and damage along the outer wall of roofing waterproof, caused the basement waterproof leakage, etc. This same principle of different temperature environment will produce different deformation will occur in sandwich thermal insulation and thermal insulation layer on the surface of the rigid thick plaster layer, wet stick stone material such as insulation practices its insulation lateral part all face the same deformation damage. Exterior insulation heat preservation material to protect the main structure to prevent the wind rain and weathering and alkali aggregate reaction on the main body wall erosion, relative to prolong the service life of the whole project.
(2)外保温是消除热桥的合理途径。外墙既要承重又要起保温作用，外墙厚度必然较厚。采用高效保温材料后，墙厚得以减薄。但如果采用内保温，主墙体越薄，保温层越厚，热桥的问题就越趋于严重。在寒冷的冬天，热桥不仅会造成额外的热损失，还可能使外墙内表面潮湿、结露，甚至发霉和淌水，而外保温则可以不存在这种问题。由于外保温避免了热桥，在采用同样厚度的保温材料条件下，外保温要比内保温的热损失减少约20%，从而节约了热能
(2) the reasonable way of external thermal insulation is to eliminate thermal bridge. Want both bearing and up the wall thermal insulation, exterior wall thickness will be thicker. Adopt high efficiency heat preservation material, wall thickness thinning. But if the insulation, the main wall is thin, thermal insulation layer is thicker, the problem of thermal Bridges tend to be more serious. In cold winter, hot bridge will not only cause additional heat loss, may also make the wall inner surface moisture, condensation, mold and drip water, even the outer thermal insulation can be no such problem. Because of external thermal insulation to avoid the heat bridge, under the condition of the same thickness of heat preservation material, external thermal insulation than insulation heat loss by around 20%, thus saving the heat
(3)外保温比内保温更容易控制墙面裂缝。内保温的保温块材易发生裂缝。处于室内温度环境影响的内保温板材是附着在受室外年温差影响而发生变形的外墙上。内保温块材的板缝被温度变化而产生的外墙变形应力拉开，经过几个年温差对外墙的变形影响，这种块材板缝裂缝是终归要发生的。外保温墙体控制裂缝要比内保温墙体控制裂缝的发生容易得多。彻底的外墙外保温的做法像是将建筑物的全部结构穿上了一件棉袄，使其完全处于室内的温度环境下，年温差一般波动不大，可以忽略其形变的产生的影响。受室外环境温度影响较大只是外保温的外表面。
(3) external thermal insulation are easier to control than insulation wall cracks. Insulation heat preservation tile cracks occur easily. At room temperature within the environmental impact of heater plate is attached to the affected by the annual difference in temperature and deformation of the outer wall. Insulation tile plate seam is the temperature change of outer wall deformation and stress and temperature deformation of the external wall after a few years, this piece of wood plate seam cracks will eventually happen. External thermal insulation wall cracks control than in the heat preservation wall body it is much easier to control the cracks occur. Completely like the practice of exterior insulation will be put on the cotton-padded jacket, all of its structure to make it completely in the temperature of the indoor environment, general fluctuations in temperature difference is not big, you can ignore the impact of its deformation. Greatly influenced by outdoor environment temperature is only the outer surface of the outer thermal insulation.
(4)外保温优于内保温的其他功能。①外保温则可以避免搬动家具、施工扰民、甚至临时搬迁等诸多麻烦发生。当外墙必须进行装修或抗震加固时，加做外保温是最经济、最有利的方法。②我国目前许多住户在住进新房时，大多先进行装修。采用外保温则可以与室内工程平行作业，有利于加快施工进度。③外保温可以使建筑更为美观，只要做好建筑立面设计，建筑外貌会十分出色。特别在旧房改造时，外保温能使房屋外貌大为改观。④外墙外保温适用范围十分广泛，适用于各种建筑。⑤外保温的综合经济效益很高。外保温比内保温增加了使用面积近2%，使单位使用面积造价得到降低。加上有节约能源、改善热环境等一系列好处，综合效应十分明显。
(4) insulation is superior to the other functions of heat preservation. (1) external thermal insulation can avoid intrusive or move furniture, construction, even temporary relocation, and many other trouble. When external wall decoration or aseismic reinforcement has to be made, as external thermal insulation is the most economical, the most favorable method. (2) in many residents live in a new home in China, mostly to decorate. Using external thermal insulation can with indoor engineering, parallel operation is conducive to accelerate the construction schedule. (3) external thermal insulation can make the building more beautiful, as long as you do building facade design, architectural appearance, will be very good. Especially in the old house renovation, external thermal insulation can make housing appearance changes greatly. (4) exterior insulation scope is very broad, applies to all kinds of buildings. (5) of external thermal insulation composite economic benefit is very high. External thermal insulation than insulation increased the using area is nearly 2%, reduce unit of usable floor area cost. Plus there are to save energy, improve the thermal environment and a series of advantages, combined effect is very obvious.
4 我国广泛应用的外墙外保温系统
4 exterior insulation system is widely used in our country
(1)EPS板薄抹灰外墙外保温系统。该系统以聚合物砂浆作黏结剂，将EPS板固定在墙体外侧(若需要时也可用锚栓做辅助固定)，并在外表面再做聚合物砂浆薄抹灰耐碱玻纤网格布保护层和饰面层，但黏结剂应承受该系统全部负荷。适用范围：民用建筑混凝土或砌体外墙外保温工程。
(1) EPS thin plastering exterior insulation system. With polymer mortar for bonding agent for the system, the EPS board fixed on the wall of the lateral (also available if required anchor bolt do auxiliary fixed), and the outer surface to do thin polymer mortar plaster alkali-resistant glass fiber grid cloth layer and decorative layer, but the binder should bear all the system load. Scope: civil construction concrete or masonry exterior insulation engineering.
(2)机械固定钢丝网架EPS板外墙外保温系统。该系统是用锚栓或预埋钢筋等机械固定件，将穿透的EPS钢丝网架板固定在墙体外侧，并在表面再做抗裂水泥砂浆抹面层和饰面层。适用范围：民用建筑混凝土或砌块外墙外保温工程。
(2) mechanical fixed wire rack EPS board exterior insulation system. The system is to use anchor or embedded bar mechanical fastening pieces, will penetrate the EPS of steel wire rack plate fixed to the wall outside, and do it again on the surface crack of plastering cement mortar layer and decorative layer. Scope: civil construction of concrete or brick external wall thermal insulation engineering.
(3)EPS板与砼一次现浇外墙外保温系统。该系统是在内侧面开有水平方向齿槽，并在内外侧表面均喷满界面砂浆的EPS板，置于墙体外模板内侧，同时设置若干锚栓作为辅助固定件，待浇灌混凝土后，墙体与EPS板以及锚栓结合为一体。模板拆除后，在EPS板外侧表面再抹(或不抹)胶粉聚苯颗粒浆料找平层，表面再做耐碱玻纤网格布抗裂砂浆保护层和饰面层。适用范围：多层和高层民用建筑现浇混凝土结构外墙外保温工程。
(3) EPS plate and concrete cast-in-situ exterior insulation system at a time. Side is, the system has a horizontal alveolar, and interface mortar, the lateral surface of spray with EPS board, placed in the wall outside the inside of the template, set several anchor as the auxiliary fixing parts at the same time, after the placing of concrete wall with EPS board and anchor combined into one. Template is dismantled, the EPS of the lateral surface to wipe wipe (or not) screed-coat powder polystyrene particles in slurry, crack resistance mortar surface do alkali resistant glass fiber grid cloth layer and decorative layer. Scope of application: multi-storey and high-rise civil building external wall thermal insulation engineering cast-in-place concrete structure.
(4)胶粉聚苯颗粒外墙外保温系统。该系统是将胶粉聚苯颗粒保温浆料抹在墙体外侧作为保温层，并在外表面再做耐碱玻纤网格布抗裂砂浆保护层和饰面层。适用范围：寒冷地区、夏热冬冷和夏热冬暖地区民用建筑混凝土或砌体外墙外保温工程。由上述可知外墙外保温常用的是EPS板，即膨胀聚苯乙烯泡沫塑料板。作为保温层的EPS板热导率低且稳定，厚度容易控制，为基层墙体增加很大的热阻。保温层的传热阻主要是由EPS板的传热系数和厚度决定。
(4) powder polystyrene particles exterior insulation system. This system is to wipe in the wall of the lateral powder polystyrene particles insulation pulp as a thermal insulation layer, and the outer surface to do alkali resistant glass fiber grid cloth anti-crack mortar layer and decorative layer. Applicable scope: cold area, hot summer and cold winter and hot summer and warm winter area civil construction concrete or masonry exterior insulation project. By above knowable is EPS board exterior insulation commonly used, namely expansive polystyrene foamed plastic board. As a thermal insulation layer of EPS thermal conductivity low and stable, thickness, easy to control for the wall thermal resistance increases a lot. Insulation resistance of heat transfer is mainly determined by the coefficient of heat transfer and thickness of EPS board.
5 结 论
5 conclusion
全面的建筑节能有利于从根本上促进能源资源节约和合理利用，缓解我国能源资源供应与经济社会发展的矛盾；有利于加快发展循环经济，实现经济社会的可持续发展；有利于长远地保障国家能源安全、保护环境、提高人民群众生活质量、贯彻落实科学发展观。
Comprehensive building energy efficiency is helpful to fundamentally promote energy conservation and reasonable utilization of resources, to alleviate our country energy resources supply and the contradictions of economic and social development; To speed up the development of circular economy, realize the sustainable development of economic and social; Conducive to long-term to ensure national energy security, protect the environment, improve people's quality of life for people, implement the scientific concept of development.