摘 要:现代景观设计的主要任务是设计鲜明的视觉形象,营造足够的绿地和绿化。本文从植物空间营造入手,阐述了现代景观设计中园林植物空间构成的四个维度,提出了六种植物空间类型,从生态和艺术角度阐述其营造手法。
Pick to: the main task of the modern landscape design is a distinct visual image design, build enough green space and greenery. This article obtains from the plant space construction, and expounds the modern landscape design in the garden plant space consisting of four dimensions, and puts forward the six types of plant space, from the perspective of ecological art and its construction technique.
关键词:现代景观设计;植物;空间营造
Key words: the modern landscape design; Plants; Space to build
Abstract:The purpose of modern landscape design is to design the vivid vision image and create enough green spaces. It illustrated four dimensions of space composition in modern landscape design, proposed six types of plant space and the methods of construction based on ecology and art.
Abstract: The purpose of modern landscape design is to design The vivid vision image and create The enough green Spaces. It illustrated four dimensions of space composition in modern landscape design, programs The six types of plant space and The methods of construction -based on ecology and art.
Keywords: modern landscape design; plants; space construction
Keywords: modern landscape design; The plants; Space construction
1854年,以奥姆斯特德为代表的美国“城市公园运动”开创了现代景观设计的新时代,园林的内涵与外延得到了极大的深化与扩展,园林植物成为现代景观设计的主要表现素材。园林植物空间营造能将美化功能与生态功能完美结合,人们进入园林首先感知到的便是园林植物,空间感受也源于植物所形成的空间,因此植物空间的营造对现代景观设计具有重要意义。
Represented by olmsted, in 1854, the United States "city park movement" created a new era of modern landscape design, landscape connotation and denotation of the greatly deepen and expand, garden plants become the main performance of the material in modern landscape design. Plant space landscape can combine beautification function and ecological function, people enter the garden is first perceived garden plants, and space to experience also stems from a space formed by plants, thus plants space construction is of great significance for modern landscape design.
1现代景观设计
1 modern landscape design
现代景观设计是指合理安排土地及土地上的物体和空间,为人类创造安全、高效、健康和舒适的环境,协调人与自然的相互关系。与传统造园相比,现代景观规划设计的主要创作对象是大众群体,它为人类和其他物种服务,强调人类发展和资源及环境的可持续,突出植物在设计中的重要作用,充分发挥植物的空间构成功能、美化功能与生态功能。因此,现代景观设计要设计鲜明的视觉形象,营造足够的绿地和绿化,设计建造足够的场地和为大多数人所用的空间设施,使人们通过视觉为主的感受通道,借助于物化了的景观环境形态,在人类的行为心理上引起反应、创造共鸣,即所谓鸟语花香、心旷神怡、触景生情、心驰神往[1],可见园林植物空间营造具有重要意义。
Modern landscape design is to point to objects on the rational arrangement of land and land and space, for mankind to create the safe, efficient, healthy and comfortable environment, coordinator of the relationship with nature. Compared with the traditional landscape, modern landscape planning and design of the main groups to creation object is public, it service for humans and other species, emphasized that human development and sustainable resources and environment, highlight the plants play an important role in the design and give full play to the plant space composition function and beautification function and ecological function. Therefore, modern landscape design to design vivid visual image, build enough green space and greening, design build enough grounds and facilities as used by most people in the space, make people through visual feelings channels, with the aid of the materialized form of landscape environment, cause psychological reactions in human behavior, create a resonance, the so-called charactizing a fine spring day, find the scenery pleasing to both, even, with longing [1], the visible space of garden plant construction is of great significance.
2园林植物空间的构成
2 the composition of the garden plant space
园林空间通常是由山、水、建筑、植物和小品等诸多要素所构成的大小不同、景象各异的多种形式的空间组合[2]。同时,园林空间随着时间的变化而相应地发生变化,因此园林空间是包括时间在内的四维空间,这主要表现在植物的季相演变方面。可见,园林植物空间主要由基面、垂直分隔面、覆盖面和时间四个维度构成。
Garden space is usually composed of mountain, water, building, plants, and sketch, and many other elements of different sizes, different picture of the various forms of space combination [2]. At the same time, the garden space as the change of time and change accordingly, so the garden space is four dimensions, including time, space, this mainly displays in the seasonal evolution of plants. Visible, garden plant space is mainly composed of base level, vertical separation surface, coverage and time four dimensions.
2.1基面
2.1 the base level
正如凯文•林奇所说,“空间主要是由垂直的面限定的,但唯一的连续的面却在脚下[3]”,可见基面形成了最基本的空间范围物空间主要由基面、垂直分隔面、覆盖面和时间四个维度构成。
As Kevin lynch says, "the space limited by the vertical surface, but the only continuous surface underfoot [3]", the base level is forming the spatial scope of the most basic object space is mainly composed of base level, vertical separation surface, coverage and time four dimensions.
2.2垂直分隔面
2.2 vertical space
垂直分隔面是由具有一定高度的植物构成的一个面,是园林植物构成空间的最重要表现。垂直分隔面形成了明确的空间范围和强烈的空间围合感。首先,树干如同直立于外部空间中的支柱,他们多是以暗示的方式来表现垂直分隔面。其次,叶丛的疏密和分枝的高度影响着空间的围合感。阔叶或针叶越浓密、体积越大,其围合感越强烈。而落叶植物的封闭程度,随季节的变化而不同,夏季较封闭,冬季较开敞。落叶植物是靠枝条暗示着空间范围,而常绿植物在竖向分隔面上能形成周年稳定的空间封闭效果。
Vertical separation surface is composed of a plant has a certain height, the most important performance is made by the garden plant space. Vertical separation surface formed a clear and strong sense of space to surround close space range. First of all, the trunk as the mainstay in upright in outer space, their performance is a suggested way to more vertical space. Secondly, cluster density and the height of the branch influence to surround close feeling of the space. Broad-leaved and coniferous more thick, the greater the volume, and its surround close feeling more strongly. And deciduous plant closed, along with the change of season, summer is more closed, more open in winter. Deciduous plant is to rely on branches implies that space scope, and evergreen can form on the surface of the vertical separation of anniversary of the stability of the closed space effect.
2.3覆盖面
2.3 the coverage
大中型乔木的树冠相互连接,构成了园林植物空间的覆盖面。植物空间的覆盖面通常由分枝点高度在人的身高以上的枝叶形成,它限制了伸向天空的视线。覆盖面的特征与枝叶密度、分枝点高度以及种植形式密切相关。夏季枝叶繁茂,遮荫蔽日,封闭感最强烈,而冬季落叶植物则以枝条组成覆盖面,视线通透,封闭感最弱。
Large and medium-sized tree canopy are interconnected to form the garden plant space coverage. Plant space coverage are usually made of branch point height above the height of foliage, it limits the line of sight of reaching toward the sky. Coverage of the characteristics and the branches and leaves density, height of branch point as well as planting form are closely related. Blotting out the sun shade in summer, branches and leaves bushiness, enclosed are the strongest, while winter deciduous plant with branches of coverage, the line of sight is connected fully, enclosed are the weakest.
2.4 时间
2.4 time
园林植物空间与建筑空间最大的区别在于“时间”。植物随着时间的推移和季节的变化,自身经历了生长、发育、成熟的生命周期,形成了叶容、花貌、色彩、芳香、枝干、姿态等一系列色彩上和形象上的变化,构成了四季分明的景象变化。植物的这种时序景观变化极大地丰富了园林景观的空间构成,为人们提供了各种各样可选择的空间类型。当植物空间由落叶植物围合时,空间围合的程度会随着季节的变化而变化。春夏季,具有浓密树叶的树丛能形成一个个闭合的空间,秋冬季来临时,随着植物的落叶,视线逐渐能延伸到限定空间以外。其次,季相变化中的色彩变化也十分引人注目,通常叶色、花色在一年四季都有着丰富的变化。可见,园林景观是一种生命的景观,它是动态变化的。
The biggest difference between the garden plant space and architectural space lies in "time". Plants with the passage of time and the change of seasons, itself has experienced the growth, development, maturity of life cycle, formed the Ye Rong, appearance, color, aroma, branches, posture and a series of colour and image changes, constitutes a distinct seasons of change. This temporal landscape changes in plants have greatly enriched the landscape space, provides people with a variety of optional space type. When the plant space by deciduous plants around the timeliness, the extent of the space to surround close will vary with the seasons. Spring and summer, has the thick leaves of trees to form a closed space, fall and winter comes, the leaves of plants, the line of sight can gradually extended to the limit space outside. Second, the seasonal change of the color change is also very conspicuous, leaf color, design and color usually changes in has a wealth of all the year round. Visible, landscape landscape is a kind of life, it is a dynamic change.
3现代园林植物空间类型
3 the modern botanical garden space type
植物空间以时间维度为导向,由基面、垂直分隔面和覆盖面三个构成面通过多样的变化方式组合,形成了各种不同的空间类型。
Plants with the orientation of time dimension, space consists of base level, vertical separation of surface coverage and three surface through a variety of combination way change, formed a variety of room types.
3.1开敞植物空间
3.1 open the plant space
园林植物形成的开敞空间是指在一定区域范围内,人的视线高于四周景物的植物空间,这种空间没有覆盖面的限制,其空间的大小形态只是由基面和限定该空间的竖向分隔面决定,但在该空间内,竖向分隔面仅用低矮灌木和地被植物作为空间的限制因素。人们身处其中,视线通透,视野辽阔,心胸开阔,心情舒畅,容易产生轻松自由的满足感。在现代景观设计中,除了运用草坪和花卉外,应推广使用生命力强、易于养护管理的地被植物来营造此类空间。
Garden plant form of open space is to point to in certain areas within the scope of the line of sight of people above the scenery around the plant space, this space without the restrictions of coverage, the space the size of the form is just a base level and limited the space of vertical separation of decision, but inside the space, the vertical separation surface with low shrubs and ground cover only as space constraints. , people live in the line of sight is connected fully, vast, open-minded, feel better, easy to create relaxed freedom satisfaction. In the modern landscape design, in addition to using the lawn and flowers, should promote the use life of strong, easy to maintenance and management of groundcover plants to build such a space.
3.2半开敞植物空间
3.2 half open space of plants
半开敞植物空间是在一定区域范围内,四周围不全开敞,有部分视角用植物阻挡了人的视线,方向性强,指向开敞面,是开敞空间向封闭空间的过渡,是园林中出现最多的一种空间类型(如图1)。它也可以借助地形、山石、小品等园林要素与植物配置共同完成。半开敞空间的封闭面能够抑制人们的视线,从而引导空间的方向,达到“障景”的效果。在现代景观设计中,其封闭面可采用乔木、灌木、草本植物的三层配置方式,取得较好的生态效益。
Half open plant space is within the scope of a certain area, surrounded by not fully open open, some perspective with plants, blocking the line of sight of people, directionality is strong, pointing to the open surface, is transition to the closed space, open space is a kind of space landscape in the most types (as shown in figure 1). It can also be with the help of landscape elements such as topography, rock, sketch done together with the plant configuration. Half closed surface can restrain the line of sight of people in the open space, so as to guide the direction of the space, to achieve "disabled scene" the effect. In modern landscape design, the closed surface can use trees, shrubs, herbs, three layers configuration mode, achieve good ecological benefits.
3.3覆盖植物空间
3.3 cover plant space
覆盖植物空间通常位于树冠下与地面之间,通过植物树干的分枝点高低,浓密的树冠来形成空间感。高大的乔木是形成覆盖空间的良好材料,此类植物分枝点较高,树冠庞大,具有很好的遮荫效果,无论是一棵几丛还是一群成片,都能够为人们提供较大的活动空间和遮荫休息的区域,这类植物空间的营造也是现代景观设计的主要任务。此外,攀援植物利用花架、拱门、木廊等攀附在其上生长,也能够构成有效的覆盖空间。
Usually lies between under the canopy and ground cover plant space, through the plant the branch point height of the trunk, the dense canopy to create the space. Tall trees covering space is good material, this kind of plant branch point higher, canopy, large shade has the very good effect, whether a few cluster or a bunch of slices, can provide larger space and shade for people to rest areas, construction of this kind of plant space is the main task of the modern landscape design. Moreover, climbing plants use flower wearing, arch, embelished clings on its growth, can form effective covering space.
3.4纵深植物空间
3.4 deep plant space
狭长空间的两侧被景物所挡,形成纵深空间,它具有方向感,将人的视线引向空间的端点[2]。在现代景观设计中,由植物材料营造的纵深空间在园林中很常见,如两旁植有密林的河流、峡谷等形成的空间。道路两侧栽种行道树亦能形成纵深空间。此类空间的营造宜采用枝叶茂密的高大乔木,增强纵深感,同时也能取得更大的绿量,提高生态效益。
Long and narrow space by the scenery on both sides of the block, form deep space, it has a sense of direction, lead the line of sight of people to space endpoint [2]. In modern landscape design, the plant material to build deep space in the garden is common, such as plant have covered on both sides of the rivers, valleys formed by space. Road on both sides of the planted trees can form deep space. Such space, build appropriate USES leaves lush tall trees, strengthens the depth, at the same time also can achieve more green quantity, improve the ecological benefits.
3.5垂直植物空间
3.5 vertical space of plants
用植物封闭垂直面,开敞顶平面,中间空旷,形成了一个方向垂直、向上敞开的垂直植物空间。分枝点较低、树冠紧凑的中小乔木形成的树列、修剪整齐的高树篱,都可以构成垂直空间。这类空间只有上面是敞开的,使人翘首仰望,将视线导向空中,能给人以强烈的封闭感和隔离感,纪念性园林中常出现这种空间。
Use plants closed vertical plane, flat open top middle empty, formed a vertical direction, open up the vertical space of plants. Branch point is lower, compact canopy of the small and medium-sized trees form the high tree, manicured hedges, can constitute a vertical space. Only above this kind of space is open, make the person turned upward and to the line of sight guidance, can give a person with strong sense of closed and isolated was as bad, memorial gardens often appear this kind of space.
3.6完全封闭植物空间
3.6 completely closed space of plants
垂直向上类植物枝干能够构成紧密的竖向的空间边界,当此类植物和低矮的水平展开型植物配植时,人的视线被封锁严密,围合感更加强烈,而高大的乔木作为上层覆盖整个空间时就形成了完全封闭空间。这种空间类型多见于风景游览区、森林公园、植物园及防护林带,是现代景观设计中群落结构最复杂、植物种类最丰富、生态效益最明显的空间类型。
Vertical plant stems can constitute a close space of the vertical boundary, when such plants and low level of model plants and shrubs, the line of sight of people blocked, closely surround close feeling is more strong, and tall tree as was formed when the upper cover the whole space completely closed space. This space type found in scenic area and forest park, botanical garden and shelter belt, is the most complex community structure in the design of modern landscape, the most abundant plant species, ecological benefit is the most obvious type of space.
4现代园林植物空间营造手法
4 the modern botanical garden space construction technique
在现代景观设计中,植物空间的营造首先要考虑其生态功能,模拟自然界植物群落空间进行营造,其次要采用一定的艺术手法进行合理配置。
In modern landscape design, the construction of plant space must first consider its ecological function, simulate the nature plant community space to build, and secondly to adopt certain artistic technique to carry on the reasonable configuration.
4.1 植物空间的生态化营造
4.1 plant space ecological construction
4.1.1 乔灌草藤相结合
4.4.1 halosols deserts cane combination
植物空间的生态化营造就是要模拟自然界植物的生长状态,充分利用立体空间,以地带性植物为主,适当引入植物新品种,构成以乔木为主体,灌木、草本植物、藤本植物相结合的复合群落,形成“近自然”植物群落景观。乔木、灌木(藤本植物)与适量的空旷草坪结合,针叶与阔叶结合,季相景观与空间结构相协调,充分利用立体空间,大大增加绿地的绿量,是城市绿地的最佳结构。城市绿化需突出乔木,但如果为了采光、通风,遮荫的比例也不宜过大,绿地内灌木需占一定比例,地面力争全部为草坪或地被植物所覆盖。
Plant space of ecology construction is to mimic natural plant growth status, make full use of the stereo space, give priority to with zonal plant, introduction of new varieties of plants take trees as the main body, shrubs, herbs, combined compound colony of vines, form "close to nature plant community landscape. Trees, shrubs, lianas) combined with the right amount of open lawn, coniferous and broadleaf union, the seasonal landscape in harmony with the space structure, make full use of three-dimensional space, greatly increase the amount of green of green space, is the best structure of urban green space. Urban greening should highlight the tree, but if for daylighting, ventilated, the proportion of shade also shoulds not be too large, green shrubs need to account for certain proportion, the ground all for lawn or is covered by plants.
4.1.2 群落多样性与特色基调树种相结合
4.1.2 community combining tone tree species diversity and characteristics
多样性的树种决定着城市景观的丰富度和城市绿地生态效益的大小,可以增加群落的稳定性,有效防止病虫害蔓延[4]。城市绿地群落多样性的取得可根据立地条件和植物的种间关系,适当引进外来物种,在不同地段精心选择冠型优美、寿命较长的骨干树种,结合一定的速生树种,并引进鸟嗜、蜜源类绿化植物,形成稳定而各具特色的群落类型。当然,群落多样性并不是无主次、千篇一律的多样性,应该以一两种基调树种为主体形成密度合理、结构优化、自然稳定、高效多能的多样性群落。
Determines the diversity of tree species richness of urban landscape and ecological benefits of urban green space, the size of the can increase the stability of the community, effectively prevent the spread of pests and diseases [4]. Urban green space community diversity can be obtained according to the site conditions and the relationships between plant species, appropriate introduction of alien species, in a different location selected beautiful crown shape, long service life the backbone tree species, combined with a fast-growing tree, and introduce the bird addicted, nectar source plant, plant, forming stable and distinctive community types. Community diversity is, of course, not without a primary and secondary, the diversity of the same, should take a two tone tree species as the main body to form reasonable density, optimized structure and natural stability, efficient, can the diversity of the community.
4.2 植物空间的艺术化营造
4.2 plant space artistic construction
4.2.1 植物空间的对比与变化
2 compared with the change of plant space
“柳暗花明又一村”形象地表现了园林中通过空间的开合收放、明暗虚实等的对比,产生多变而感人的艺术效果,使空间富有吸引力。曲折婉蜒的河道,时窄时宽,两岸种植冠大荫浓的乔木,使整个河道空间时收时放,景观效果由于空间的开合对比而显得更为强烈。植物亦能形成空间明暗的对比,如林木森森的空间显得暗,而一片开阔的草坪或花坛则显得明,二者由于对比而使各自的空间特征得到了加强。植物构成的空间虚实对比则是在于通过各种植物的艺术搭配营造出或开敞或封闭的灵活多变的空间环境。
"Steady" vividly showed through space in the garden down, light and shade opening and closing of the actual situation such as contrast, changing and moving art effect, make the space full of attraction. Twists and turns, spanning the river, the narrow width, planted on both sides of the Taiwan crown the thick of the shadow of big trees, make whole space when closed when the river, because of the space of landscape effect of opening and closing of the contrast and appear more strongly. Plants also to space of light and shade contrast, such as dense space appears dark trees, and a vast expanse of grass or flower bed is clear, both because of the contrast and make the respective space features are strengthened. Plants constitute the space the actual situation of contrast, is through the art of all kinds of plants collocation to create or open or closed flexible space environment.
4.2.2 植物
4.2.2 the plant
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The more high-quality goods from 3 e d u lesson plans
空间的分隔与引导
Dimensional space and guidance
在园林中,常利用植物材料来分隔和引导空间。在现代自然式园林中,利用植物分隔空间可不受任何几何图形的约束。若干个大小不同的空间可通过成丛、成片的乔灌木相互隔离,使空间层次深邃,意味无穷。在规则式园林中则常用植物按几何图形划分空间,使空间显得整洁明朗,井井有条。其中绿篱在分隔空间中的应用最为广泛,不同形式、高度的绿篱可以达到多样的空间分隔效果。不同植物空间的组合与穿插,同样需要不同的指引手段,给人的心理上以暗示。利用更具造型的植物来强调节点与空间,可达到引导和暗示的作用。
In the garden, plant materials often used to separate and boot space. In modern natural style garden, using plants separated space is not bound by any geometry. A number of different sizes of space can through cluster, piece of isolated and shrubs, make the space levels deep, means endless. In the rule type is commonly used in garden plants according to differentiate geometry space, make the space appears neat and clear, in perfect order. Most widely the hedge in the application of disjunctive space, different forms, the height of the hedge can achieve a variety of spatial separation effect. Space combination and penetration of different plants, also need to different means of guidance, to people's psychological hint. Use more plants to emphasize modelling, node and space can reach the role of guide and suggested.
4.2.3 植物空间的渗透与流通
Holdings of plant space with natural circulation
园林植物通过树干、枝叶形成一种界面,限定一个空间,通过在界面的不同处疏密结合,添入透景效果形成围、透空间,人走其中,便会产生兴奋与愉悦的感觉。相邻空间之间呈半敞半合、半掩半映的状态,以及空间的连续和流通等,使空间的整体富有层次感和深度感(如图2)。一般地说,植物布局应讲究疏密错落,在有景可借的地方,树应栽的稀疏,树冠要高于或低于视线以保持透视线,使空间景观能够互相渗透。总体来说,园林植物以其柔和的线条和多变的造型,往往比其它的造园要素更加灵活,具有高度的可塑性,一丛竹,半树柳,夹径芳林,往往就能够造就空间之间含蓄而灵活多变的互相掩映与穿插、流通。
Garden plant by tree trunks, branches and leaves to form a interface, restricted to a space, combining in the interface of different density, add perspective effect form, through the space, people walk among them, will generate excitement and pleasure. Between adjacent space is half open and half close, half mask and reflected in the state, and the continuous space and circulation, etc., the rich administrative levels and deepness of space as a whole (as shown in figure 2). Generally speaking, the plant layout should be pay attention to the density is strewn at random, where there is scene can be borrowed, trees should be planted sparse, canopy above or below the line of sight to keep perspective lines, make the space landscape can penetrate each other. Overall, garden plants, with its soft lines and changeful modelling, often than other gardening factors more flexible, high plasticity, a CongZhu, half willow tree, clamp diameter fang Lin, often can make a space between implicit and flexible complements and interspersed with each other, circulation.
5小结
5 subtotal
在现代景观设计中,植物景观已成为城市园林的主体。每种植物都具有不同生态位、占据不同的空间,将乔、灌、藤和草坪、地被植物搭配种植,可以充分利用生长空间,营造出丰富多彩、各具特色的园林植物空间。这些植物空间会随着植物的生长而发生改变,原本的开敞、半开敞空间可能最终会成为覆盖空间或封闭空间。因此,在进行植物空间营造时,要充分了解植物的生物学特性和生态学特性,还应对植物的空间特性、色彩属性等艺术构素的特性有熟悉的了解,并挖掘其形态及组合的可塑性及多样造型,使各类园林空间巧妙组合,为广大人民群众创造一个优美的生态环境。
In the modern landscape design, landscape plant has become the main body of city landscape architecture. Each plant has a different ecological niche, occupy the space of different, Joe, irrigation, cane and lawn, planting cover plant collocation, can make full use of space, build a rich and colorful, and each has its own characteristics of garden plant space. These plants space will be changed with the growth of plants, the original open, half open space may eventually become covered space or enclosed space. When making plant space build, therefore, to fully understand the biological characteristics and ecological characteristics of plants, and also deal with plant spatial characteristics, artistic structure element such as color attribute characteristics are familiar with understanding, and excavate its shape modelling and combination of plasticity and diversity, make all kinds of garden space clever combination, for the majority of the people to create a beautiful ecological environment.